“This slim booklet contains dynamite,” wrote Policy in its 1966 review of new Moroccan quarterly magazine, Souffles. Instigated by a small group of self-professed “linguistic guerrillas” as “a manifesto for a new aesthetics in the Maghreb”, it became a conduit for a new generation of writers, artists, and intellectuals to stage a revolution against imperialist and colonial cultural domination. The starting point for this revolution was language.
From its first issue, Souffles posed an aggressive challenge to the traditional Francophone and Arabophone literary divides by encouraging experimentation, translations and collaborations. It wasn’t long before its trademark cover emblazoned with an intense black sun radiated throughout Africa, the Arab world, West Indies and the Black Atlantic. In the early 70s the magazine changed focus. Motivated by the crushing Arab defeat in Six-Day War and the Paris uprisings, its founder, editor and publisher Abdellatif Laabi declared that “Literature was no longer sufficient”. After the fifteenth issue, dedicated to Palestine, Souffles underwent a major redesign, emerging as a new firebrand organ of leftist revolutionary group, Ila al-Amam. This new political agenda caught the attention of the authorities and in 1972 the magazine was banned and Laabi arrested. While in prison he was awarded several international poetry prizes. After a long solidarity campaign, he regained his freedom in 1980.e
traduction française par Maymoena Hallett
“Ce petit livret contient de la dynamite”, écrivit Policy dans sa critique de 1966 du magazine trimestriel marocain, Souffles. Fomenté par un petit groupe se déclarant ‘guérilleros linguistiques’ comme ‘manifeste pour une nouvelle esthétique du Maghreb’, il devint un conduit pour une nouvelle génération d’écrivains, artistes et intellectuels pour organiser une révolution contre la domination culturelle impérialiste et coloniale. Le point de départ de cette révolution était la langue.
Dès le premier numéro, Souffles posa un défi aggressif aux divisions traditionnelles littéraires francophones et arabophones en encourageant l’expérimentation, les traductions et les collaborations. Il ne fallut pas longtemps pour que sa couverture caractéristique blasonnée d’un soleil noir intense rayonne sur toute l’Afrique, le monde arabe, les Antilles et la diaspora. Au début des années 70, le magazine changea d’orientation. Motivé par la défaite arabe écrasante de la guerre de la guerre des Six Jours et les émeutes de Paris, son fondateur, rédacteur et éditeur, Abdellatif Laabi déclara que “La littérature n’est plus suffisante” . Après le numéro quinze, dédié à la Palestine, Souffles subi un redésign majeur, émergeant comme un nouvel organe exalté du groupe révolutionnaire de gauche, Ila al-Amam. Ce nouvel agenda politique attira l’attention des autorités et en 1972, le magazine fût interdi et Laabi appréhendé. Durant son séjour en prison, il fût récompensé de plusieurs prix de poésie internationaux. Suite à une longue campagne de solidarité, il fût libéré en 1980.
PEOPLE
Founder, editor and publisher Abdellatif Laâbi; artists including painter Mohamed Melehi who designed the trademark cover, Mohamed Melehi, Farid Belkahia and Mohamed Chebaa; poets and writers Mohamed Khaïrr-Eddin, Mostafa Nissaboury, Ahmed Bouanani, Abdallah Stouky, Malek Alloula, Toni Maraini, Mostafa Lacheraf; Azeddine Madani and Mohamed Aziz, Abdallah Laroui, Abdelkhebir Khatibi, Bernard Jakobiak and André Laude; political activist Abraham Serfaty; and Ila al-Amam leaders including Mohamed Berdouzi, Abdelfattah Fakihani and Mohamed Talbi.
FAMILY TREE
- Souffles was inspired by Frantz Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth, as well as early postcolonial writers such Aime Cesaire, Mario de Andrade, and Rene Depestre and journals like Presence Africaine. Thirty-five years since its demise, few publications have matched its stature, appeal, or intellectual authority. Its influence can however be felt in contemporary magazines such as Le Journal, Nichane and Biddoun.
RE/SOURCES
- Souffles on Wikipedia
- Scans of Anfas, 1971.
- Souffles-Anfas: A Critical Anthology From the Moroccan Journal of Culture and Politics, eds. Olivia C. Harrison and Teresa Villa-Ignacio, Stanford University Press, 2015. (English)
- Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine, First Breaths, trans. Jake Syersak, Atlanta, GA: Oomph Press, 2019, 25 pp. A translation, from the original French, of all the works Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine contributed to the first two issues of Souffles in 1966. [1] (English)
- Souffles archive at CLICNET (issues 1 to 6).
- Souffles archive at Seattle University (issues 7 to 22).
- Maraini, Toni. “Black Sun of Renewal”, documenta magazines.
- El Amrani, Issandr. “In the Beginning There was Souffles”, Bidoun 13.
- Prevallet, Kristin. “Interview Abdellatif Laabi”, Double Change, Paris, May 2001.
- Bernard Jakobiak, “Souffles de 1966 è 1969”, Europe, Jun-Jul 1979, pp 117-123. (French)
- Kristin Prevallet, “Interview Abdellatif Laâbi”, ed. Omar Berrada, trans. Kristin Prevallet and Omar Berrada, Double Change, Paris, May 2001. (English)
- Toni Maraini, “Black Sun of Renewal”, Springerin 12:4 (Fall 2006); repr. in Red Thread 2 (2010). (English)
- “Schwarze Sonne der Erneuerung”, Springerin 12:4 (Fall 2006). (German)
- “Yenilenmenin Kara Güneşi”, trans. Gülin Ekinci, Red Thread 2 (2010). (Turkish)
- “Souffles”, in Africa Remix: Contemporary Art of a Continent, Johannesburg, 2007. (English)
- Issandr El Amrani, “In the Beginning There was Souffles”, Bidoun 13 (2008).
- Andy Stafford, “Tricontinentalism in Recent Moroccan Intellectual History: The Case of Souffles“, Journal of Transatlantic Studies 7:3 (2009), pp 218-232. (English)
- Kenza Sefrioui, “La revue Souffles (1966-1973): quand culture rime avec politique”, Interculturel/Francophonie 16 (2009). (French)
- Kenza Sefrioui, La revue Souffles 1966-1973. Espoirs de révolution culturelle au Maroc, pref. Abdellatif Laâbi, Casablanca: Sirocco, 2013. [2]. Video interview with author. (French)
- In the Beginning There was Souffles Reconsidering Morocco’s most radical literary quarterly, Issandr el Amrani
https://bidoun.org/articles/in-the-beginning-there-was-souffles
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